Pulmonary

The Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care publishes articles broadly related to pulmonary medicine including thoracic surgery, transplantation, airways disease, pediatric pulmonology, anesthesiolgy, pharmacology, nursing  and more. Manuscripts may be either basic or clinical original investigations or review articles. Potential authors of review articles are encouraged to contact the editors before submission, however, unsolicited review articles will be considered.

Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting As Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: Case Report

Anthony Jedd, MD

Sashank Kolli, MD 

Thomas Liao, MD

Isabel Oliva, MD

 

Loyola University Of Chicago

Stritch School Of Medicine

Maywood, IL

and

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

 

Introduction

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic disease with multiorgan involvement. In the respiratory system, SLE can involve the lung parenchyma and pleura with intrathoracic manifestations of pleuritis, alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary fibrosis. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a rare complication of SLE. We describe a case of newly diagnosed lupus presenting as COP.

Case Report

An 18-year-old woman with no significant past medical history presented to the Emergency Department complaining of generalized malaise, cough and fever for 4 days. Her cough was productive with white to brownish sputum. She complained of chest heaviness/pressure with inability to take deep breaths. Her only reported sick contact was her mother who had the “flu” one week prior to the onset of her illness. She denied any illicit drug use, alcohol or smoking, as well as any recent travel or exotic pet exposure. On admission, her vital signs were: temperature 38.4°C, pulse rate 129 bpm, blood pressure 159/108 mmHg, respiratory rate 29 rpm and oxygen saturation 94% on room air. On physical exam, the patient was in moderate distress with tenderness to palpation over her muscles. Left anterior cervical adenopathy was present and lung auscultation revealed coarse bilateral crackles. She was alert and oriented times 3 with no neurological deficits. 

Laboratory data on admission: white blood cell count 5100/µL with 43% bands, hemoglobin 10.6 g/dL, platelets 125 x 109/L, blood urea nitrogen 37mg/dL, and creatinine 2.0 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed a large amount of microscopic blood, small amount of leukocyte esterase, moderate bacteria and protein > 300 mg/dl. ABG of pH 7.39/pCO2 28 mm Hg/pO2 of 68 mm Hg on 2L/min by nasal cannula. Initial chest radiograph (CXR) demonstrated bilateral perihilar infiltrates (Figure 1).   

  

Figure 1. CXR on admission.

She was started on ceftriaxone and azithromycin with a working diagnosis of sepsis secondary to community-acquired pneumonia with impending respiratory failure.

She continued to be febrile, hypoxic and tachycardic. A 4-day follow-up CXR demonstrated interval worsening of bilateral airspace disease (Figure 2).

 

Figure 2. CXR on hospital day 4.

Despite antibiotic therapy for 5 days she was intubated due to continued deterioration. Diagnostic bronchoscopy was performed showing a positive mycoplasma IgM, while samples for bacterial, viral and fungal sources as well blood cultures were negative. GMS stain for Pneumocystis was also negative. At this time infectious disease recommended switching the antibiotics to vancomycin and aztreonam.  

The patient continued to have persistent anemia, thrombocytopenia and urine containing large amounts of protein raising suspicion for an autoimmune hemolytic anemia with bone marrow failure. Rheumatologic panel revealed ANA titer of 2,560 (normal <40), anti-ds DNA antibody >300 IU/ml (normal <10) and normal complement C3,C4. HIV testing was non reactive. Per rheumatology's recommendations, she was started on methylprednisolone 1 g daily for 3 days and later switched to prednisone 100 mg daily and 600 mg cytoxan for the working diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). After about 1 week of persistent extensive bilateral lung infiltrates and continued ventilator dependence, an open lung biopsy was performed which demonstrated bronchoalveolar tissue showing organizing pneumonia of unknown etiology (Figure 3). No histological findings for vasculitis or alveolar hemorrhage were identified.

 

Figure 3. Panel A: patchy fibroblastic plugs in bronchioles and alveolar ducts (bronchiolitis obliterans) (black arrows). Panel B: Organizing pneumonia within alveoli (black circle).

She was diagnosed with SLE involving multiple organs, which included lung, kidneys and bone marrow. Prednisone 100 mg daily was continued for 2 weeks. Broad spectrum antibiotics were discontinued, but she finished a 2 week coarse of azithromycin for the positive mycoplasma antibodies. Her respiratory status gradually improved and she was extubated on her 14th hospital day. As an outpatient, prednisone was tapered slowly over the next 2 months to 10 mg daily and then she was transitioned to mycophenolate. Follow-up CXR showed resolution of the airspace disease (Figure 4).

Figure 4. CXR 2 months after admission to ICU.

Discussion

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is a noninfectious inflammatory pulmonary process that leads to the formation of fibromyxoid connective tissue plugs that adhere to the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli (1,2,4). COP can be idiopathic or secondary to several etiologies, including drug toxicity, infection, connective tissue diseases (CTD), malignancy and bone marrow transplantation (6). The diagnosis of SLE-related COP is rare with no cohort studies showing a dominant type of CTD resulting in COP.

Oymak S et al. (8) reviewed etiologic and clinical features in 26 patients with COP and found that 58% were idiopathic. The other 42% were secondary, but the causes were not described. Yoo JW et al. (9) further compared cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and connective tissue disease-related organizing pneumonia (CTD-OP). The study showed rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome and polymyositis/dermatomyositis were predominant types of CTD and no patients were mentioned with SLE (9). Other studies mention polymyalgia rheumatica and SLE as potential causes of COP, but there are no reported cases of the two entities presenting together in adults (10-12). 

The mechanism by which SLE can lead to the development of COP is unknown. Otsuka et al. (13) suggested that elevated antiphospholipid antibodies contribute to the development of Masson bodies, macrophages and fibrin found within pulmonary alveoli, due to an inhibited inflammatory repair mechanism within the airways, which may contribute to the development of COP. The hypothesis of epithelial damage by the immune system is supported by the response to steroid therapy, which prevents and/or resolves deposition of IgM, IgG and infiltration of plasma cells into the bronchiolar walls (14,15).

The development of SLE-related COP remains a rare entity. Our patient’s presentation was unique in that COP was the initial manifestation of her SLE. Additionally, the pattern of airspace disease on chest radiograph was atypical for organizing pneumonia, which usually presents as either peripheral or peribronchiolar areas of consolidation. As more cases arise, our understanding of the mechanism and timing of the disease will hopefully become more apparent.

References

  1. Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrigton CB, Gaensler EA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1985;312:152-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Colby TV. Pathologic aspects of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1992;102:38S-43S. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:158-64. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Moore SL. Bronchiolitis obliterans organzining pneumonia: a late complication of stem cell transplantation. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2003;7(6):659-62. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Cordier JF. Organizing pneumonia. Thorax 2000;55:318-28. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Roberton B, Hansell D. Organizing pneumonia: a Kaleidoscope of concepts and morphologies. Eur Radiol 2011;21:2244-54. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Takada H, Saito Y, Nomura A, Ohga S, Kuwano K, Nakashima N, Aishima S, Tsuru N, Hara T. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as an initial manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:257-260. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Oymak S, Demirbas HM. Mavili E, Akgun H, Gulmex I, Demir R, Ozesmi M. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Respiration. 2005;72:254-62. [CrossRef]  [PubMed]
  9. Yoo JW, Song JW, Jang SJ, Lee CK, Kim MY, Lee HK, Jegal Y, Kim DS. Comparison between cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and connective tissue disease-related organizing pneumonia. Rheumatology 2011;50:932-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Douglas WW, Tazelaar HD, Hartman TE, Hartman RP, Decker PA, Schroeder DR, Ryu JH. Polymyositis-dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(7):1182-5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Katzenstein ALA, Myers J, Prophet WD, Corley LS 3rd, Shin MS. Bronchiolitis obliterans and usual interstitial pneumonia. Am J Surg Pathol. 1986;10:373-81. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Lynch D. Lung disease related to collagen vascular disease. J Thorac Imaging. 2009;24(4):299-309. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Otsuka F, Amano T, Hashimoto N, Takahashi M, Hayakawa N, Makino H, OtaZ, Ogura T. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphopholipid antibody. Intern Med. 1996;35:341-4. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Myers JL, Katzenstein AL. Ultrastructural evidence of alveolar epithelial injury in idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia. Am J Pathol. 1988;132(1):102-9. [PubMed]
  15. Ippolito JA, Palmer L, Spector S, Kane PB, Goveric PD. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia and rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993;23(1):70-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Reference as: Jedd A, Kolli S, Liao T, Oliva I. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia: case report. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2015;10(2):87-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc164-14 PDF 

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Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

January 2015 Pulmonary Case of the Month: More Red Wine, Every Time

Uzair Ghori, MD (UGhori@salud.unm.edu)

Shozab Ahmed, MD  (Sahmed@salud.unm.edu)

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

 

History of Present Illness

A 41-year-old man travelling from Texas to Las Vegas, Nevada presents to the Emergency Room in Albuquerque, New Mexico with petechial rash, photophobia and headache of 2 weeks duration. The patient complains of general malaise, arthralgia, trouble sleeping, shortness of breath associated with cough and intermittent bilateral lower extremity swelling of 3 weeks duration.

PMH, SH & FH

The patient was prescribed lisinopril and metformin for hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. He admitted occasional drinking, smoking a variable quantity for 30 years but currently not smoking. He denied any illicit drug use.

Physical Exam

Vitals: Heart Rate-92, Blood Pressure-116/45 mm Hg, Respiratory Rate-44 breaths/min, Temperature- 37.2ºC, SpO2-98% on non-rebreather mask.

General: His mental status was not altered.

HEENT: No papilledema was appreciated on eye exam.

Neck: JVP not appreciated.

Lungs: he had diminished breath sounds bilaterally on auscultation.

Heart: His heart had a regular rate and rhythm with no murmurs rubs or gallops.

Abdomen: No abdominal distention or lower extremity edema appreciated.

Skin: A petechial rash was noted most prominently in the lower extremities.

Based on the initial presentation the most appropriate investigations would be? (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the 2nd of 6 panels)

  1. CBC, CT head, echocardiogram, blood cultures, metabolic panel, inflammatory markers
  2. CBC, UA, lumbar puncture, chest x-ray, inflammatory markers, metabolic panel
  3. Echocardiogram, CBC, UA, venous blood gases, bronchoscopy, CT head
  4. Stress test, CXR, inflammatory markers, lumbar puncture, ultrasound abdomen, metabolic panel
  5. UA, lumbar Puncture, bronchoscopy, echocardiogram, CT head, inflammatory markers 

Reference as: Ghori U, Ahmed S. January 2015 pulmonary case of the month: more red wine, every time. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2015;10(1):1-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc155-14 PDF

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Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

July 2014 Pulmonary Case of the Month: Where Did It Come From?

Colin B. Fitterer, MD

James M. Parish, MD

 

Mayo Clinic Arizona

Scottsdale, AZ

  

History of Present Illness

A 67 year old man presented with worsening cough and shortness of breath. He has a history of metastatic colon cancer first diagnosed in 2010. He was treated with radiation and chemotherapy (FOLFOX) but unfortunately developed new pulmonary nodules in October, 2013 which were metastatic colon cancer on biopsy. In February 2014 he developed a right parietal brain mass which was resected. Thoracic CT scan at that time showed progression of the pulmonary nodules. He has also noted a 30 pound weight loss over the past 6 months and an enlarging right supraclavicular lymph node.

PMH, FH, SH

In addition to the colon cancer, he has previous diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, allergic rhinitis, and vitamin D deficiency. He is married and a recently retired railroad engineer. He has no history of tobacco use. There is a positive family history of lung cancer but no colon cancer.

Physical Examination

Vital Signs:  Temperature 36.8, pulse 98, respirations 18, blood pressure 144/70, SpO2 91% on 3 L via nasal cannula.

Pertinent findings include:

  • A large firm and fixed right supraclavicular lymph node that is nonpainful on palpation.
  • Diminished breath sounds across all right posterior lung fields with dullness to percussion. 
  • Palpable liver edge is palpable approximately 2cm below the right costal margin.

Laboratory Analysis

Admission laboratory values include a hemoglobin of 11.1 g/dL but with a normal white blood cell count and platelet count. Electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and liver enzymes were all within normal limits.  Serum chemistries are within normal limits.

Radiography

A chest x-ray (Figure 1A) and chest CT (Figure 1B) were performed.

 

Figure 1. Admission AP (Panel A) and representative image from the thoracic CT scan (Panel B).

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the radiographic findings? (Click on the correct answer to proceed to the next panel)

  1. Large right pleural effusion
  2. Right lung atelectasis
  3. Right lung pneumonia
  4. Right lung pulmonary edema
  5. None of the above

Reference as: Fitterer CB, Parish JM. July 2014 pulmonary case of the month: where did it come from? Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;8(6):1-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc080-14 PDF

 

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Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

Wireless Capsule Endo Bronchoscopy

 David M. Baratz, MD

Sandra Till, DO

 

Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center

Phoenix, AZ

 

Case Presentation

History of Present Illness

A 67 year-old man presents 10 days after swallowing a capsule endoscopy camera that was never retrieved.  The wireless capsule was swallowed asymptomatically for evaluation of heme positive stools after negative upper and lower endoscopies. Patient noted that the evening after swallowing the camera he developed mild shortness of breath and cough. The cough and shortness of breath were persistent and worsened while lying down and when moving positions. He denied prior issues with swallowing or aspiration.

Review of Systems

Negative other than what is noted above.

PMH, SH, and FH

Past medical history: coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, hyperlipidemia

Surgical history: femoral-popliteal bypass, previous shoulder and back surgery

Social history: 1 pack/day of cigarettes for 50 years, prior alcohol usage but not current, no illicit drugs

Family history: no pulmonary diseases

Physical Exam

Vital signs: temperature 36.7º C, heart rate 86 beats per minute, respiratory rate 15 breaths/min, blood pressure 156/69, and oxygen saturation 97% while breathing  room air

Lungs: bilateral wheezing with left greater than right.

Otherwise examination was normal.

Radiography

The admission chest x-ray is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Chest x-ray with capsule in left main bronchus (arrow).

A thoracic CT scan is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Thoracic non-contrast CT scan with capsule in left main bronchus (arrow).

Bronchoscopy was performed under general anesthesia using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Bronchoscopic examination revealed a white capsule lodged in left main bronchus (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Bronchoscopy with capsule in left main bronchus.

A mesh basket was used to retrieve of the capsule from the left main bronchus, but in the carina the capsule slipped out of the basket. Attempts to use snare and retrieval forceps failed due to the slippery plastic housing covering the capsule.  The mesh basket was used again with capture of the capsule. Once the capsule was retrieved, the LMA was removed to avoid en bloc damage to the vocal cord while removing the capsule. The LMA was then reinserted for continued ventilation after the capsule had been obtained.

Figure 4. Intact capsule after removal.

Literature Review

Capsule endoscopy has been available since 2001 and is used for the evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. The retention rate is 1-2%, with capsules typically found in diverticula, hernias, or other bowel abnormalities (1-3). It is reported that approximately 2% of patients will have difficulty or inability to swallow the capsule.  Review of 13 available cases of aspiration of wireless endoscopy capsules revealed that about 50% of the time capsules are spontaneously expulsed by coughing, and the other half requiring bronchoscopic intervention for removal (Table 1).

Table 1. Summary of cases with aspirated wireless endoscopy capsules.

Risks for aspiration include underlying neurologic disease, elderly patients, and patient with previous difficulties with swallowing. Signs of capsule aspiration vary from asymptomatic to shortness of breath, cough, and tachypnea (1-12).

The capsule is a wirelesses, 11 mm X 26 mm capsule with a miniature video camera, light emitting diodes, batteries, transmitter, and an antenna. It is slippery, nonbiodegradable, has plastic housing, and weighs less than 4 grams (13).

This case represents a rare, but important complication of wireless capsule endoscopy requiring evaluation and possible intervention. Although this complication is rare, it is likely we will see increasing frequency as capsule utilization increases.

References

  1. Guy T, Jouneau S, D'Halluin PN, Lena H. Asymptomatic bronchial aspiration of a video capsule. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;8(5):568-70. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  2. Depriest K, Wahla AS, Blair R, Fein B, Chin R Jr. Capsule endoscopy removal through flexible bronchoscopy. Respiration. 2010;79(5):421-4. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  3. Koulaouzidis A, Pendlebury J, Douglas S, Plevris JN. Aspiration of video capsule: rare but potentially life-threatening complication to include in your consent form. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1602-3. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  4. Choi HS, Kim JO, Kim HG, Lee TH, Kim WJ, Cho WY, Cho JY, Lee JS. A case of asymptomatic aspiration of a capsule endoscope with a successful resolution. Gut Liver. 2010;4(1):114-6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Buchkremer F, Herrmann T, Stremmel W. Mild respiratory distress after wireless capsule endoscopy. Gut. 2004;53(3):472. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Ding NS, Hair C, De Cruz P, Watson J. Education and Imaging. Gastrointestinal: symptomatic bronchial aspiration of capsule endoscope - a significant complication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(5):761. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Nathan SR, Biernat L. Aspiration--an important complication of small-bowel video capsule endoscopy. Endoscopy. 2007;39 Suppl 1:E343. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  8. Pezzoli A, Fusetti N, Carella A, Gullini S. Asymptomatic bronchial aspiration and prolonged retention of a capsule endoscope: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:341. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  9. Schneider AR, Hoepffner N, Rösch W, Caspary WF. Aspiration of an M2A capsule. Endoscopy. 2003;35(8):713. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  10. Bredenoord AJ, Stolk MF, Al-toma A.Tabib S, Fuller C, Daniels J, Lo SK. Unintentional video capsule bronchoscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(5):593. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 
  11. Tabib S, Fuller C, Daniels J, Lo SK.Sepehr A, Albers GC, Armstrong WB. Asymptomatic aspiration of a capsule endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60(5):845-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Sepehr A, Albers GC, Armstrong WB. Aspiration of a capsule endoscope and description of a unique retrieval technique. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137(6):965-6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Kelley SR, Lohr JM. Retained wireless video enteroscopy capsule: a case report and review of the literature. J Surg Educ. 2009;66(5):296-300. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Reference as: Baratz DM, Till S. Wireless capsule endo bronchoscopy. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;8(3):183-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc014-14 PDF

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Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

March 2014 Pulmonary Case of the Month: The Cure May Be Worse Than the Disease

Sudheer Penupolu, MD 

Philip J. Lyng, MD

Lewis J. Wesselius, MD 

 

Department of Pulmonary Medicine

Mayo Clinic Arizona

Scottsdale, AZ

  

History of Present Illness

A 51 year old woman was seen with a chief complaint of gradually increasing shortness of breath. She was at baseline five months prior to presentation but noticed dyspnea on minimal exertion initially at a higher altitude, gradually progressing to dyspnea at rest. She was tried on 2 courses of antibiotics with no significant improvement. In addition to the dyspnea, she has some non productive cough but no fevers.

PMH, SH, FH

She had a renal transplant in 1997 for IgA disease and has a history of type II diabetes and hypertension.

She is a life long nonsmoker and has only occasional alcohol use. She is employed as a utility designer and has no exposure to any dusts, fumes or exotic animals.

Family history is noncontributory.

Medications

  • Atenolol
  • Lasix
  • Prednisone 2 mg q daily
  • Rosuvastatin
  • Sirolimus 2 mg po q daily

There have been no changes in the doses in the past few years.

Physical Examination

Physical examination reveals no abnormalities and her lung auscultation is clear.

Laboratory

Her complete blood count (CBC), urinanalysis, liver function tests, and calcium were all within normal limits.

Radiology

An x-ray of the chest is shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1. Initial PA chest radiograph.

Which of the below is the best interpretation of her chest x-ray?

  1. Cardiomegaly
  2. Left upper lobe consolidation
  3. Normal
  4. Right upper lobe consolidation
  5. All of the above

Reference as: Penupolu S, Lyng PJ, Wesselius LJ. March 2014 pulmonary case of the month: the cure may be worse than the disease. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2014;8(3):142-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc005-14 PDF

 

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Rick Robbins, M.D. Rick Robbins, M.D.

January 2014 Pulmonary Case of the Month: Too Much, Too Late

Chidinma Chima-Okereke MD  

Department of Pulmonary Medicine

Cedars Sinai Medical Center

Los Angeles, CA

 

Chief Complaint: Difficulty breathing

History of Present Illness

A 49-year-old gentleman with history of hepatitis C cirrhosis complicated by ascites presented to the emergency room of Olive View Medical Center in San Fernando Valley, California complaining of worsening shortness of breath. The patient reports that he occasionally has shortness of breath, usually about 2-3 times a year. However for the past 2 months, he has had worsening dyspnea on exertion and cannot walk further than 5 minutes. He also reports orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. He has been having a dry cough for the past 3-4 weeks.

He has a history of chronic ascites that has required multiple taps. He has been taking his prescribed diuretics however instead of taking these medications daily he takes them about every other day due to financial constraints.

However, his abdominal distention and his lower extremity swelling are stable. He reports some nausea with decreased appetite. He also has a new symptom of left-sided chest pain that radiates down his left arm and shoulder that lasts about 20 minutes and has no associated symptoms. .

He denies any fevers or chills or weight change. He has no sick contacts.

Past Medical and Surgical History

  • Hepatitis C cirrhosis
  • Chronic lower extremity edema
  • Ascites, status post multiple large volume paracentesis
  • History of chronic abdominal pain treated with morphine
  • Status post chest tube when he was a 17-year-old due to a gunshot wound

Social History

  • History of incarceration, released about 8 months ago
  • 6-pack of beer a day – quit 12 years ago.
  • Former smoker, quit 10 years ago, 7 pack-years
  • IV heroin use 15 years ago
  • No cocaine, amphetamines or any inhaled substances
  • No recent travel, occupational, pet or bird exposures
  • Lives with his fiancé in Lancaster, California

Family History

  • Father died of an MI at age 56.
  • Mother - SLE, DM, Stroke
  • Sister - Colon cancer
  • Brother - Hepatitis C cirrhosis

Medications

  • Controlled-release morphine sulfate 15 mg p.o. every morning and 30 mg p.o. every evening.
  • Furosemide 40 mg p.o. daily.
  • Spironolactone 50 mg p.o. daily.
  • Lactulose 15 mL p.o. b.i.d. p.r.n.

Review of Systems

Positive for pleuritic chest pain, night sweats, chills, dry cough - unproductive of sputum, lightening and darkening of urine, lower extremity edema, palpitations, decreased appetite, dry mouth, joint stiffness in the morning.    

Physical Examination

  • Vital signs: T 97.4 BP 115/67, HR 89, RR 20, SpO2 93%/RA
  • Lung exam was significant for bilateral crackles midway up the back.
  • Abdominal exam was non-tender and not suggestive of ascites
  • Lower extremities: 1+ bilateral pitting edema up to the knees.
  • Multiple skin tattoos and erythema in his lower extremities  
  • Muscle strength was 3/5 in the lower extremities, 4/5 in upper extremities bilaterally.
  • Otherwise the physical exam was unremarkable.

Laboratory

  • Basic Metabolic Panel was within normal limits.
  • Complete blood count (CBC): White count 6.3 X 103/mm3 with 8.3% eosinophils, hemoglobin 12.3 g/dL, platelets 130,000/µL.
  • Liver function tests (LFTs): AST 78 IU/L, ALT 42 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 115, total bilirubin 1.3 mg/dL, INR 1.3, albumin 2.7 g/dL.
  • Brain naturetic peptide (BNP) 38 ng/L, troponin is 0.008 ng/ml.

Radiography

A chest x-ray was obtained (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Admission AP (Panel A) and lateral (Panel B) chest x-ray.

The chest x-ray was interpreted as poor inspiration with elevation of the right diaphragm. The heart is at least upper limits of normal in size. Pulmonary vessels are congested. The azygos vein is mildly dilated. No significant pleural effusion is detected in these two views.

A CT angiogram was obtained to rule out pulmonary embolism (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Panels A-D: Representative static axial images from the thoracic CT scan lung windows. Lower panel: movie of representative axial thoracic CT scan lung windows.

Hospital Course

He was admitted to the medicine wards, diuresed with furosemide 40 mg IV, spironolactone 100 mg by mouth and fluid restricted.

At this point which of the following are diagnostic tests that should be ordered? (click on correct answer to move to next panel)

  1. Coccidiomycosis serology
  2. HIV
  3. Quantiferon TB and sputum AFB
  4. Rheumatologic work up including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), ANA and subtypes, RA and anticentromere antibodies
  5. All of the above

Reference as: Chima-Okereke C. January 2014 pulmonary case of the month: too much, too late. Southwest J Pulm Crit Care. 2013;8(1):4-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpcc162-13 PDF

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